The Single Best Strategy to Use for History Research Paper

The Single Best Strategy to Use for History Research Paper If there's a modern development you're interested in, you could start looking for its historical roots or counterparts. The better ones are going to have database of works you are able to choose from to auto fill details. There continue to be many folks, out there, who just do not understand how to even take the very first actions to doing their family research on a computer. If you experience issues with your research, ask professionals to assist you. A history research paper employs primary sources to argue how and why events occurred before, along with the effect on human lives. While the effortless information can be gotten using the straight forward search box on a site, to locate elusive ancestors may require a particular application. Because of the various subjects the history of art is connected to and countless studies, there's a significant deal of information out there on several different topics. A hist ory of the history is known as a historiography. A Startling Fact about History Research Paper Uncovered Choice of a topic another major aspect to be thought about. Also make sure to want to know more about this issue. US History in Context is going to be great for contextual info about your topic. Key Pieces of History Research Paper Some of the greatest research paper introduction samples incorporate primary resources supporting the argument or research of the issue. Future researchers must be in a position to verify your research till they base their own work on your conclusions. If you believe that your evidence is solid, then you're probably prepared to start writingand at this point you have a good roadmap to work from! The Bizarre Secret of History Research Paper The majority of them are designed particularly for children and teenagers, and my students have found them tremendously helpful. Even though the College Board Art History AP website stipulates quite a few sample test questions and exam suggestions, it doesn't supply a comprehensive sample test. Indeed, some students become lost when they're given freedom in selecting a topic. Many students think that it is. Try to remember that one of the major characteristics of a brilliant art history paper is a fantastic introduction which contains your thesis statement that functions as an axis for your art history thesis. There's no exception for art. You'll be expected to compose many different kinds of art history papers. For more inspiration, have a look at the examples of art history research papers it's possible to write about. After all, many individuals feel this in art, exactly like in history and literature, an individual can write virtually anything and say it is his private vision, however incongruous it is. The importance of the Jerusalem capture couldn't be overestimated due to its meaning for the area of religion. The fantastic thing about history is it's all-encompassing. Therefore, whoever reads the essay is quite a bit more likely to feel your ardor and relish the content you've written. If you wonder why you ought to purchase art essays to use as examples, we can readily explain the reason why they are useful. Creating an amazing essay is easy. The sample essays they write can function as a guide for how it is possible to create your own project compelling and not simply complete. Whispered History Research Paper Secrets Art history research paper writing is an extremely intricate process. When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a par ticular outline that gives a general review of the paper. If you own a history research paper that needs writing then we will be able to help you. Your research paper should provide a fresh and insightful approach to consider about a historical issue. Thesis statement is the point that you'll be proving in your whole research paper. In your thesis paper, you can see the bit of art through the framework of a specific theory. After that it's wise to earn a research paper outline. An essay outline is an essential step which every student must take before writing a paper for virtually any class.

The Core Text Of Hinduism - 3124 Words

The core text of Hinduism is nestled into a larger work. The Mahabarata is a lengthy tale embedded with the basic principles of Hinduism. Within this work lies the Bhagavad Gita, a story surrounding the ups and downs of a family war involving Prince Arjuna. In the work, Arjuna has trouble coming to terms with the fact that he must battle against his relatives in order to solve the issue of which cousin is next in line to rule. The theme of war is extremely prevalent, and violence must be addressed by the main protagonists. Similarly, the core of Daoism lies within the Tao Te Ching, a book with eighty-one chapters discussing the philosophies of the Daoist sages. The idea of fighting according to Daoist sages and masters is despicable; it must be the absolute last resort if one cannot find a solution to any conflict. Within the Bhagavad Gita, war and fighting are expressed in a number of different ways, but Krishna explains to Arjuna that it is his dharma, or duty, to fight in t his war against his family members. However, the opinion of war and fighting within the Tao Te Ching greatly differs from that of the Bhagavad Gita, as Daoist masters taught that fighting with force should be used only out of absolute necessity; it should not be something that one jumps to whenever conflict arises. War within the Bhagavad Gita plays a very important role: it assists the main character Arjuna in fulfilling his destiny and overcoming the most extreme family tension of war. TheShow MoreRelatedHinduism And Buddhism : Buddhism942 Words   |  4 Pages Hinduism and Buddhism Park University Desmond Hutchinson RE307 â€Æ' Abstract Both Hinduism and Buddhism originated in India a very different world and origin than the other main religions. What is now called Hinduism began in India around 2000 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. Minorities in religion Hinduism and Buddhism are still well known and are growing in its followers from all over the world not just limited to the traditional geographical locations. Hinduism and Buddhism areRead MoreThe Kama Sutra and Class Correlation1458 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation, is there any valuable content for the middle and lower class? How much of the Hinduism principles did he retain so that the lower/middle class can learn from the text as well? What is Vatsyayana’s targeted demographic of readers when he wrote the Kama Sutra? Was it exclusive to the leisure class of the Indian society? Or did it also include the lower class? There is evidence that suggests that the text is biased for the aristocrats, as the practices described require time and money thatRead MoreDifferences Between Hinduism And Islam925 Words   |  4 Pagesthis essay. Although there are very similar views between Hinduism and Islam the reasoning behind these, views differ due to the fact that basic key concepts of these faiths differ so tremendously. Although at a superficial glance the ethical viewpoints of Gender roles, Sexuality as a whole, Homosexuality ,and Sexuality as a whole seem almost consistent with one another. Although they differ in more ways than they are similar. Between Hinduism and Islam sexuality is viewed as rite of passage for marriageRead MoreHinduism, Buddhism, And Classical Hinduism1299 Words   |  6 PagesHinduism is a very broad term that encompasses a multitude of different backgrounds, traditions, beliefs, and practices. Hinduism, as we know it today, has gone through many changes. To fully understand how Hinduism became as it is currently, knowledge of its development over the course of history is essential. This paper will demonstrate the primary shifts of its central beliefs, practices, and goals between periods of Early Vedic, Late Vedic, and Classical Hinduism. Many of the core beliefs ofRead MoreHinduism and Budhism: Two of the World ´s Largest Religions1201 Words   |  5 Pagesmain religions that are recognized as having the largest population of followers.(Major) Of these, there are some that are not recognized as or do not fall under the definition of religion in their countries of origin. Two of these Religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. While some do not see these as extremely prominent, they are pinocle belief systems in the Asian continent, with over 1 billion followers all together. (Feldhaus) These two religions along with few other traditional Asian belief systemsRead MoreThe Kama Sutra Essay examples1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the text is biased for the aristocrats, as the practices described require time and money that the peasants don’t have. The fact that Vatsyayana is likely a member of the elite class, deduced from his sophisticated knowledge of Hinduism and what a nobleman’s day is like, could be anot her sign that his written work is biased towards the upper class. These facts lead to the question: if the Kama Sutra is partial to the aristocrats, did Vatsyayana retain the rudimentary principles of Hinduism throughoutRead MoreThe Founding And Spread Of Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, And Hinduism1671 Words   |  7 Pagesgained large followings. Although they are all unique in their own way, certain aspects connect them and allow one to see how they all, in some way, influence each other. When analyzing the founding and spread of Buddhism, Sikhism, Confucianism, and Hinduism, it is evident that although there are many distinguishing differences between the four religions, there are multiple similarities that link them all with each other. The word Buddhism is derived from the word â€Å"budhi†, to awaken, so it makes senseRead MoreEssay on The Unique Hindu Gods876 Words   |  4 PagesHinduism is a very old and traditional Indian religion that dates back to sacred texts written between 900 and 400 BCE. The book, Upanishads, which literally means to sit beneath, reflects the deeper meanings of Hinduisms and are reflections of early information found in Vedic writings. From the outside, Hinduism is not only very unique and different, but also can be very confusing and complex. Individuals not familiar with polytheism or who have practiced monotheism may have a hard time understandRead MoreAnalysis Of Gandhi s Reclaiming A Tradition And Making It Your Own 1246 Words   |  5 Pagesto describe the viewpoint that Gandhi has on some of the traditions that are present in the Indian culture. The title of his piece ‘Reclaiming a Tradition and Making It Your Own’ is exactly what he writes about, beca use Gandhi takes his form of Hinduism and he molds the traditions to be more flexible to his own ideas and interests. The reason for this article is to describe how Gandhi and his fellow Indians took parts of their own religion and reformed some of the original traditions which theyRead MoreUnderstanding the Practices of Hinduism Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesperson’s own beliefs and practices would be Hinduism. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions that exist in our world today. It is widely practiced all over the world, especially in the west. Sometimes Hinduism can be misunderstood, as some people don’t really know how to interpret Hinduism. What exactly is Hinduism? Exploring the many themes of this particular religion helps answer the many questions that are raised by others. As mentioned earlier, Hinduism is one of the oldest religions that still

Essay on Global Inflation and Unemployment - 1279 Words

Article summary This article by Andrew McCathie posted in EarthTimes and titled â€Å"European inflation climbs unemployment at 12-year high was posted on Friday July 30 2010. The article reports that food and energy costs have played a critical role in driving up inflation in the 16-member eurozone. The rates of unemployment remained stagnant to its highest level during this time. Introduction The recent global financial crisis that affected not only America but also Europe and other parts of the world resulted in massive unemployment. This is due to the high costs of operation that many corporations faced forcing them to cut on labor costs. There is need for European government interventions to avert this social crisis and prevent†¦show more content†¦This value is of much significance to investors as it has an effect in inflation rates (Cencini, 2008). The global financial crisis has had multiple effects in different industries in different countries. Analysis Consumer price index This is the overall cost of goods and services that are bought by an average consumer. This index is used in measuring the cost of living over a given period of time. When there is a rise in consumer price index, a typical family has to spend more money in order to maintain their standard of living. Inflation is a term that is used to describe a situation where the overall price level of an economy is rising (Mankiw, 2008). Inflation From the above graph, it can be seen that since July 2009, the consumer price index has always been increasing in Europe. This increase in consumer price index has been pushing inflation higher and higher. This has resulted in decreased profitability of most European corporations thus cutting down on costs by retrenching some staff hence causing unemployment. If this is not checked, then there is a chance that this will be a vicious cycle that will occur throughout the years. When massive unemployment occurs, the average purchasing power of an economy reduces. This could have an effect of forcing corporations to increase prices of their goods and services in order to maintain profitability. The net effect of this is increase in consumer price index further driving theShow MoreRelatedThe Australian Government’s Implementation of the Economic Stimulus Plan746 Words   |  3 PagesInflation can be described as the sustained increase in the general level of prices over a given period of time, usually one year. Inflation can have negative effects on many of the key economic outcomes such as economic growth, exports, international competitiveness and income inequality. Inflation is measured in Australia by the Consumer Price Index (CPI); the CPI outlines the movement in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are weighted according to their importance for the averageRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of 2007 / 081194 Words   |  5 Pagesh arnessed or blocked by the government. The Global Financial Crisis of 2007/08 also caused the Australian government to deal with its failure to reach its macroeconomic goals. The three domestic objectives of government Australia’s three macroeconomic goals are equally important in keeping stability in the economy. The three goals are low unemployment, price stability and economic growth. The government aims to reach full employment which is 5% unemployment as not all of the population wishes toRead MoreAustralia s Financial Stability With Inflation Under Control1548 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Following two decades of constant growth, substantial employment, contained inflation, minimal public debt and a solid financial system as a result of years of structure and policy reforms, Australia today has one of the strongest and largest mixed market economy in the world. Since the early 1980s, successive governments have deregulated financial and labour markets and reduced trade barriers making Australia one of the Asia–Pacific’s wealthiest nations who has enjoyed more thanRead MoreUs Economy Essay973 Words   |  4 Pageseconomy has proven to be a power force among competing nations, as it is the largest and most important economy in the world. The domestic challenges in addition to the rapidly transforming global landscape have not withered the strength of the United States, as it represents approximately 20% of total global output. The U.S. economy maintains its powerhouse status through a plethora of characteristics, which includes access to abundant natural resources and a sophisticated physical infrastructureRead MoreBusiness Cycle1566 Words   |  7 Pagesmacroeconomics, business cycle played an important role to show what a national economy is going; therefore, this essay will define what business cycle is and its characterist ics. Besides, all of variables such as Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP), inflation and unemployment rate and their behaviour in the business cycle will be also demonstrated in the second part. The final part of this essay will analyse and compare the situation of Australian economy and USA economy in period of 10 years since 1998 basedRead MoreUnemployment in Peru: An economic concern1207 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Unemployment in Peru: an Economic Concern AIU Online Abstract The Peruvian unemployment rate has started to decline in the past few years. The lowered unemployment rate connects to Peru’s economy and means it is on the mend. There are several relationships between the lowered unemployment rate and the economy that will be described. The data on this occurrence has a trend that shows it will continue to decrease. This will mean the economy will continue to improve.Read MoreAn Economic Comparison Between United Kingdom And The United States1692 Words   |  7 PagesAlso, the inflation rate is used, which is a continuos increase in the prices for goods and services in the consumer price index and it is measured yearly (Herr Kazandziska, 2011: 74). Lastly, the unemployment rate shows the percentage of people whiling and could work but do not have a job (Macdonald, 1999: 238). This report will compare the economic growth performance of the United States and the United Kingdom since 1990 using four indicators: economic growth rate, GDP, inf lation, and unemploymentRead MoreWorld Economics and History1245 Words   |  5 Pages Journal Question 1 Building on the Okuns law, which basically describes a vibrant relationship that exist between national output and unemployment within which a fall unemployment results into higher national output, A. W. Phillips extended to discover the relationship between inflation and unemployment. The string of the basic ideas which revolve around this belief follows that as more individuals work then the national output rises, causing an increase in the wages, a situation that makes theRead MoreShould Feds Continue with Expansionary Monetary Policy or Exit Strategy?863 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past few years, the Fed had been trying to heal the economy from the recession by lowering the interest rate near zero in order to raise the inflation, increasing the price of housing and household wealth. This will encourage more people to buy products or services, causing an increase in consumers spending. Based on the data given by the U.S. Department of Commerce today, the economy is now healing from the recession with the expansionary monetary policy. However, some people argue thatRead MoreInterest Rates And Monetary Policy1712 Words   |  7 Pageswhich large amounts of investments are put into the real-estate and stock markets. In developed economies, interest-rate adjustments are vital in keeping inflation within a target range in order to protect economic activities or to cap the interest rate with economic growth to safeguard economic state. Current interest rates throughout the global economy vary from country to country. For example the United States interest rate is currently at .5% which is relatively low for the US, who historically

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay - 1082 Words

Philosophy of Teaching I started my college career heading towards a degree in child psychology, law, or orthodontics. In all of these professions children are heavily involved and I knew I wanted to be around children. Then I decided to change my major to teaching, which combines aspects of many professions, and is completely child oriented. The main reasons that I want to become a teacher are not for the money or the power of the classroom. I want to become a teacher because of children’s lack of enthusiasm to learn, poor guidance, and bad role models. So many children in today’s society have these bad qualities either within themselves or they are obtained at home. Many children do not get the attention they need to make them†¦show more content†¦With a strong mind, and the will to learn, children can then grow to be anything they want. With knowledge comes growth. That is why I have chosen elementary education. During the elementary years, most children have already defi ned their learning styles. Some learn by seeing and hearing the material, while others learn best by hands-on activities. In my classroom, I plan to incorporate all learning styles possible. Depending on the cooperation, maturity level, the age group, and content material, any teaching style would suffice. If I were to be closed-minded and use only one teaching strategy, I may only reach a few students. By preparing detailed daily lesson plans, and using as many teaching strategies as possible, I feel that I can reach the entire classroom. Like many great men before me, I believe in behaviorism. That is to say that I agree with men such as B. F. Skinner. Skinner believed that â€Å"organisms including humans, are entirely the products of their environment; engineer the environment, and you can engineer human behavior†(Sadker, Sadker pg 337). William Bagley also had great ideas that I agree with. He was an essentialist that believed math, science, history foreign language, and literature should be the core curriculum taught in the classroom. Bagley’s â€Å"traditional back-to-basics approach is meant to train the mind, promote reasoning, and ensure a common culture among all Americans†(Sadker, Sadker pgShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy911 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy When I think about my teaching philosophy, I think of a quote by Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer and philosopher. Kazantzakis states, â€Å"True teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross; then, having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create their own.† In my classroom, I will provide an environment that shows I am a â€Å"true teacher.† Philosophy of Discipline I believe that children learn best andRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching For Teaching932 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was learning about teaching in college classes my philosophy of education was different than when I actually started doing my student teaching. As soon as a teacher enters the classroom, it should be his/her second home. Teaching is a field of occupation where teacher needs have these two personality traits: patience and flexibility. Not all teachers are same thus each has their unique way of teaching students. My philosophy for teaching is very simple and fair. I would like to incorporateRead MoreMy Philosophy : My Teaching Philosophy893 Words   |  4 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Since Koreans started to learn English, thousands of people have struggled to master the language. Parents currently invest a lot of money and their children spend enormous amounts of time studying English as government suggests new language policies. However, proper verification and investigation of those policies have not been done yet and the outlet is really not promising (Suh, 2007). Most Korean students study English for tests. The purpose of English is so focused onRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching932 Words   |  4 Pages This is my personal philosophy of teaching. This is my belief about teaching and learning and how I will put my beliefs into classroom practices. First and foremost, the purpose of education is to educate students so that they can be ready for the real world. It should prepare students for life, work, and citizenship. To do this, education should teach one to think creatively and productively. In addition to preparing students for the real world, all students should be able to read and comprehendRead MoreTeaching Philosophy : My Philosophy1100 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Philosophy: Lauren Gross EDUC 120 Learn to Teach, Learn to Learn. / Use the past to teach the future ( That is my philosophy) Theory helps teachers think about what we experience and furthermore to teach and learn about how we, as educators, learn. Teachers should be supportive and cooperative, teachers should play the role of a friend, but also stealthily act in the role of advisor or guide for students. Teachers should live by existing educational theories, but also be able to createRead MoreMy Philosophy : Teaching Philosophy1071 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading Professor Varis teaching philosophy it is quite evident he takes great consideration for his students and their learning opportunities. As I reflect on and review my understanding and my learning philosophy I am given the chance to reflect on past classes and possibly what could have been different on my behalf and the professor’s behalf. Also at this time I relish the opportunity to contimplate what my values, principles, achievement skills and also my expectations for this class areRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy1145 Wor ds   |  5 PagesMy teaching philosophy is to engage in a mutual exchange of knowledge with the students. I believe that through helping students to develop skills of critical reflection and critical thinking they will become able to carry out innovative research and also succeed in work beyond academia. Through interactive teaching methods such as group work, role play, and joint presentations I seek not only to encourage students to engage with me as an instructor, but also to exchange and discuss ideas with theirRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy1888 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching Philosophy My philosophy of education is founded on the core principle that all children should have equal access to a quality education that will prepare them for higher education and to be contributing members of society. Schools were founded on the primary principle of teaching values to students as well as educating them academically. While values have been removed from the curriculum, I still believe much of what we do as teachers is instilling values in our students. As educators,Read MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1217 Words   |  5 Pagesis at the elementary school level. My current goal is to either teach the 4th or 5th grade level. Moreover, throughout the semester I have read about or seen different philosophies through the observations I have done throughout the semester. While reading chapter 6 in the class text I thought to myself, as an educator what will be teaching philosophy that best suited my beliefs. Moreover, in chapter 6 there was a test where one would figure out their phil osophy according to the test result. For meRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1088 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of my academic career, teaching has always been an important part of my academic duties. The interaction that I have with students is not only enjoyable to me, but it also gives me an invaluable perspective on the subjects I am teaching. Since I started my position at the Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford, I have tutored in four classes across three semesters and supervised two projects, as detailed in my CV. I am also tutoring two new undergraduate classes in

Samples of Wedding Jokes

The wedding is considered to be a bright event. There are guests and a happy bride couple that notices only each other. Though, there is a way to turn everything even better. Wedding jokes actually reveal the hidden spirit of the marriage content. Is there a life after the wedding? No one knows; however, the wedding jokes enable to share the sad experience with the optimistic and humorous view. The wedding ceremony and celebration are the idyllic events that launch the further lives of the groom and the bride. There is a lot of fun, activities, and toasts pronounced by the guests. Many of them are the so-called wedding jokes. The mood is cheerful and everybody laughs. However, the objects of jokes are not really pleasant aspects. Nevertheless, they signify the inevitable challenges of our life and the optimism that is needed to pass them as they are. The couple mainly believes that they will manage to omit all these unpleasant issues. However, they are getting acquainted with them beforehand. Among the major topics for the wedding jokes are, actually, the loss of love after the marriage, disgust to the person of own choice, mother-in-law nasty behavior, adultery and greed. These themes aim to laugh about the case that there is nothing good after the marriage – only troubles and disappointment. The first topic is the loss of love. It is widely seen that after the honeymoon the married life becomes a hell: â€Å"When a newly married man looks happy, we know why. But when a ten-year married man looks happy, we wonder why.† â€Å"There was this lover who said that he would go through hell for her. They got married, and now he is going through hell†. â€Å"At the cocktail party, one woman said to another, Arent you wearing your wedding ring on the wrong finger? The other replied, Its because I married the wrong man†. â€Å"Man is incomplete until he’s married. Then he’s finished.† Other jokes concern the greed that emerges when the wedding gifts are considered. The newly-wed had to spend a lot of money for the wedding, so they wait for the worthy presents. Other jokes may concern the financial reasons for the marriage instead of love: â€Å"Married for many years, Paul had been ignored by his wife, Liz, for some days, so eventually he confronted her with what he perceived as the problem. Come on Liz, admit it, he ranted, You only married me because my granddad left me $7 million, didnt you? You really are silly, Paul, retorted Liz loudly, I couldnt care less who left it to you,†. Therefore, there is a plenty of wedding jokes that may be found. Even though they raise laughter, they are written under the real stories – at least, there is an impression that it is so. Every couple has a chance to build the joint life in accordance with the own will and the sense of purpose and love. If people would be aware of the possible mistakes and contribute to their relationships, they would gladly accept that there is no truth for them in the wedding jokes, but more reasons to express love, respect, and caring.

Social Psychology - Spin Doctoring Essay - 1296 Words

Social Psychology Week 4 â€Å"Spin Doctoring† 1. Which path(s) to persuasion is/are present in the global warming case? I believe that both central route and peripheral route paths to persuasion are used in the global warming case. Central route persuasion is evident in global warming because people are more globally conscious and aware of the issues concerning our planet than they were decades ago. People are more concerned now about protecting our planet and better informed, thus, global warming, its causes, and ways to reduce our carbon footprint are of great concern to the public. The hydrocarbon producers, one of the communicators, credibility is lessened against other communicators such as Greenpeace, because many in the†¦show more content†¦Their global warming message is delivered via YouTube, television, and print media. Al Gore’s book and movie, â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† created the most â€Å"buzz† with people and got them talking about global warming. This demonstrates the truth †Å"†¦that the major influence on us is not the media but our contact with people.† (Myers, 2008 p. 242) â€Å"†¦ 18 to 29-year-olds, the age group generally most concerned about global warming and most likely to say the problem is underestimated†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Saad, 2009) is the audience for the global warming message. Their attitude toward global warming will probably remain unchanged as â€Å"†¦ early-adult experiences are formative partly because they make deep and lasting impressions.† (Myers, 2008, p.245) The message that global warming can greatly harm the planet and that one must act to stop it evokes favorable thoughts in that one is saving the world, a very positive thing to do. In summary, the global warming case uses a combination of central and peripheral routes of persuasion, both based on fact and involvement as well as based on acceptance of authority and personal and social influence. 2. How does the tobacco industry example fit into our understanding of impression management? Impression management should be the motto of the tobacco industry. The example fits impression management to a tee. Although clear evidence exists that smoking causes lung cancer, theShow MoreRelatedSpin Doctoring718 Words   |  3 PagesWeek 4 Homework Spin Doctoring Which paths(s) to persuasion is/are present in the global warming case? Both paths can be present in this, or any case. The peripheral route could occur if people who are listing, watching or discussing the global warming case are conserved with cues, such as fear of the ice caps melting. This route can occur when people are induced by incidental cues, such as fear, or attractiveness, likeness to the listener, or desire, or any of the opposites (Myers,

Discrimination And Mistreatment Based Off Race Essay

In the novel â€Å"To kill a mockingbird† written by Harper Lee the theme of discrimination and mistreatment based off race was portrayed through several characters throughout the novel, Scout and Jem , are cared for by Calpurnia, their black housekeeper. Although Scout occasionally disagrees with her, Calpurnia acts as a mother-figure to jem and scout. She is respected by Atticus, who recognises that Calpurnia has an education. It is the way of speaking that creates a boundary between the black community and the white. When jem and scout go to Calpurnia s church service, Scout notes that Calpurnia embraces a different way of speaking when she is communicating with other churchgoers: â€Å" Calpurnia led a modest double life never dawned on me. The idea that she had a separate existence outside our household was a novel one, to say nothing of her having command of two languages†. Although Scout and Jem find the concept that Calpurnia speaks two different â€Å"langu ages† difficult to understand, Scout has a great admiration and respect for Calpurnia for being able to grasp both languages.The trial of Tom Robinson demonstrates many counts of racism. Tom is prosecuted for raping a white woman named Mayella Ewell. The Ewell family lack education and financial stability, voicing the lower class. As the oldest of eight children at 19 , Mayella becomes a mother figure and role model for her seven younger siblings. In addition , the novel implies that Mayella is in an incestuousShow MoreRelatedPrejudice On The Basis Of Race, Gender, And Sexual Orientation976 Words   |  4 Pageson the basis of race, gender, and sexual orientation is undeniably a prominent aspect of any society. As the media is a reflection of the society in which it exists, it can be assumed that such prejudiced ideals will be represented in it. Whether or not the media is racist, sexist and homophobic is a controversial topic as every individual member of society has a d iffering opinion on the matter, usually on account of their own race, etc, and their experiences with discrimination. In order to discernRead MoreAffirmative Action : The United States956 Words   |  4 Pages1960s. Back then affirmative action was more known as segregation or discrimination in the workplace or there lack of. The women and people of color were the targets of discrimination, which several presidents tried to correct for equality. The Past During the Great Depression affirmative action was introduced, although it was not called that yet, under the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Segregation and discrimination was a major issue and President Roosevelt wanted to make changes to thatRead MoreDiversity in the U.S.1211 Words   |  5 Pagesalready know about other races and ethnicities, in terms of, how their ancestors came to America, or what hardships particular racial or ethnical groups have grown through in the group’s history in the United States. What I do feel like this class has done for me is, put into prospective of how often and frequent prejudice and discrimination is still today. If someone were to have asked prior to me taking this Cultural Diversity class, whether I think racism and discrimination is still relevant inRead MoreThe Blindside1532 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrates how racist Leigh’s father was because he could not even enjoy his own daughter’s wedding because there were black people in attendance. He also raised Leigh to be just as racist as he was: the novel notes, â€Å"Her father, a United States Marshall based in Memphis, raised her to fear and loathe blacks as much as he did† (Lewis 67). It is evident that he passed on his racist attitudes throughout her upbringing. His dislikes of blacks changed the way she perceived them. Leigh understood how her fatherRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : America s Justice System1301 Words   |  6 PagesRacism and discrimination are being used as powerful weapons of encouraging fear or hatred towards others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns. Racism is the belief that characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are greater than others. When we are children, we are taught not to try a book by its cover, but for most of us this is easier said than done. Although, racism and discrimination is essentialRead MoreAlain Locke s The New Negro1400 Words   |  6 Pagesacross it. The treatment of African Americans seemed as it has changed from the 1920 to the 1930s but mistreatment still remained. At this time African American needed to convey the images left behind by their ancestors into something greater to please and uphold their legacy, not the legacy of themselves but a legacy for the African American community altogether. Locke speaks of the mistreatment when he states; â€Å"The Negro, too, for his part, has idols of the tribe to smash. If on the one hand theRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1581 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscriminated against and judged unfairly. According to the U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, racial discrimination is the act of treating someone differently or unfairly because of race (â€Å"Race/Color Discrimination†). Martin Luther King Jr. believed that all people should be treated the same regardless of ethnicity. 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The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts Free Essays

string(154) " There may be no Smaug at the bottom, but then again, there may be† \(Tolkien 215\) â€Å"Suddenly Bilbo’s arm went towards it drawn by its enchantment\." Nicholas Gangone Ms. Sottas Double Entry Journal Prompts March 20, 2013 â€Å"But men remembered little of all that, though some still sang old songs of the dwarf-kings of the Mountain, Thror and Dragon, and the fall of the lords of Dale. † (Tolkien 176) â€Å"I hope I never smell the smell of apples again. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Tolkien 179) â€Å"But the Master was not sorry at all to let them go. They were expensive to keep, and their arrival had turned things into a long holiday in which business was a standstill. † (Tolkien 185) Although the men keep alive old traditions in a new era, this quote symbolizes how the majority of things have changed in this world. This excerpt situates the dwarves in the present time frame where power has shifted to evil forces, how the dwarves lost control of their mountain city, and also how old legendary maps don’t so well in a new environment. The men never really experienced what it was like to live in a time where everyone and everything blended harmoniously. After reading this in the book, I immediately made a mental connection to a memory of the 6th grade. At the peak of the swine flu epidemic, my school started to administer vaccines to protect the students against the disease. I forgot to hand in a consent form to give them permission for a vaccine, so instead of getting a vaccine, I got the nasal mist in my nose. The nurse asked me what my favorite fruit was, and I replied â€Å"umm.. apples! † Not knowing what it was for, she made the thick goo they shot up my nose apple flavored. This was probably one of the weirdest feelings I have ever experienced. Just like Fili, I did not want to smell apples for a long time. This excerpt I picked reminds me of a part of the Odyssey. The specific part I am referencing to is the Suitors. After learning how expensive it is to have company over for an occasion, the connection I made between both pieces of literature only emphasizes this idea by giving more evidence. â€Å"Not at any rate until the songs have come true! † (Tolkien 186) â€Å"They beat on it, they thrust and pushed at it, they implored it to move, they spoke fragments of broken spells of opening, and nothing stirred. † (Tolkien 190) â€Å"Tomorrow begins the last week of autumn. Said Thorin one say. â€Å"And winter comes after autumn,† said Bifur. â€Å"And next year after that,† said Dwalin, â€Å"and our beards will grow till they hang down the cliff to the valley before anything happens here. † (Tolkien 193) I purposely picked this quote to talk about my reasoning of how these words relate to the current generation of music. There is little or no rate of songs that are produced today that stay true to the art of music. For starters, most songs today aren’t even made with â€Å"real† instruments. Secondly, almost all of the big time artists are auto-tuned. It isn’t the strongest reference I have made, but I just can’t stand how the stuff they call music is so greatly praised. As the group searches for the secret entrance Elrond has promised the dwarves based on the map, their failure to open the door foreshadows further struggle. The group will encounter more forms of resistance, because this isn’t even the worst part of their luck they have been blessed with. This quote also shows the much repeated theme of perseverance displayed throughout the novel. The excerpt I presented here shows how the race against time is presented for the crew. This is because they do not have forever to complete their tasks. Since they get agitated at how long parts of their quest take, it highlights qualities of the average Joe that they possess. They are not a group of godly, or immortal beings. We saw them cut down to size similarly when they were trapped by the wolves. â€Å"The most that can be said for the dwarves it this: they intended to pay Bilbo really handsomely for his services; they had brought him to do a nasty job for them. And they did not mind the poor little fellow doing it if he would: bit they would all have done their best to get him out of trouble, if he got into it† (Tolkien 196) I have absolutely no use for dragon-guarded treasures and the whole lot could stay here forever, if only I could wake up and find this beastly tunnel was my own front-hall at home† (Tolkien 198) â€Å"†¦but rising from the near side of the rocky floor there is a great glow. The glow of the Smaug! † (Tolkien 200) I ha d to chew this quote up a little bit and ponder upon it. A side of the dwarves that has not yet been shown is expressed here. I believe it is greed. The dwarves seem to be using Bilbo for his talents – which make up a good thief. There isn’t much to say about the dwarves if they used Bilbo all along as their scapegoat. Bilbo speaks for himself in this quote. He is not there to be someone’s tag along. He has a mind of his own and knows what is right and wrong. He also yearns for the safety and comfort of his own home when thrown into the midst of a sticky situation. I can say that Bilbo is a very convincing being. I specifically picked this quote because we have heard of the dragon throughout the whole book, but this is the first actual account we have about Bilbo’s encounter with the dragon – first hand. The dragon is pictured as any other dragon from a mythical tale would be. The first and most important trait being the dragon having firey breath. It is because of the dragon’s ability to promote havoc that gives the story an interesting outcome. â€Å"Now do be careful! † whispered the hobbit, â€Å"and as quiet as you can be! There may be no Smaug at the bottom, but then again, there may be† (Tolkien 215) â€Å"Suddenly Bilbo’s arm went towards it drawn by its enchantment. You read "The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts" in category "Essay examples" His small hand would not close about it, for it was a large and heavy gem; but he lifted it, shut his eyes and put it in his deepest pocket. (Tolkien 217) â€Å"Hear, hear! † cried Bilbo, and flung himself on the ground. In the rock-chamber there would have been room for a hundred and there was a small chamber in the back. There they laid out all of their burdens. †(Tolkien 224) I like this qu ote because it emphasizes Bilbo’s resourcefulness. He thinks through every possible consequence before he acts. This is a very useful trait to have, especially for someone that is on an adventure where one silly mistake can prove fatal. Acting so vigilantly will later prove fruitful for Bilbo. This is a substantial quote in a rather small chapter. Here we are introduced to the turning point of the story – the Arkenstone. This is just one of the few treasures Bilbo retrieves. The arkenstone is one of the main reasons Thorin set out to reclaim what was once his ancestors’. This quote also foreshadows Bilbo’s future resourcefulness. After reading the rest of the story, I noticed that the men start to reclaim what is theirs. It almost acts as a foreshadowing tool. The men, especially Thorin, know what’s rightfully theirs and how it has been taken from them. It will only be a matter of time before they find out if they can hold on to their newly conquered area. â€Å"The King beneath the Mountain! They shouted. His wealth is like the Sun, his silver like a fountain, his rivers golden run! The river is running gold from the Mountain! they cried, and everywhere windows were opening and feet were hurrying† (Tolkien 226) â€Å"Already men were jumping into the water on every side. Women and children were being huddled into laden boats in the market-pool. † (Tolkien 228) â€Å"Arrow! Said the bowman. â€Å"Black arrow! I have saved you for last. You have never failed me and always I have recovered you. I had you from my father and he from of old. If ever you came from the forges of the true king under the Mountain, go now and speed well! (Tolkien 229) I interpreted this quote as a great example of dramatic irony. The townspeople, who think the golden colored river in the distance is amassed wealth, are horribly wrong. The gold is in fact, a raging dragon ready to destroy everything in its sight. Everyone starts to cry cheers of joy, when they should be crying tears of sadness. From this quote, I perceived a very strong mental image. The quote shows the true wrath of the Smaug. At the time The Hobbit was written, 1930, women and children were put first in the event of a disaster. For example, in the movie Titanic, one could see how women and children were loaded onto life boats before men. Here in this quote, if men were the first ones to give up and jump into the water, no one had a chance at survival by far. There would be no one to help others get on their way to safety. This quote stresses the theme of tradition throughout the story. Because the arrow was handed down from generations of old, it had a much higher importance. The archer believed the arrow had more â€Å"experience† seeing more time in battle situations. It is also interesting to read about how much faith was invested into his last shot. This excerpt also sparks my curiosity as to how the archer talks to the lifeless arrow like an old friend. â€Å"Now we will return to Bilbo and the dwarves. All night one of them had watched, but when morning came they had not heard or seen any sign of danger. But ever more thickly the birds were gathering. Their companies came flying from the South; and the crows that still lives about the Mountain were wheeling and crying unceasingly above. † (Tolkien 234) â€Å"Hail Thorin! Why do you fence yourself like a robber in his hold? We are not yet foes, and we rejoice that you are alive beyond our hope. We came expecting to find non living here; yet now that we are met there is matter for a parley and a council. † (Tolkien 240) â€Å"The whole place still stinks of dragon,† he grumbled to himself, and it makes me sick. And cram is beginning simply to stick in my throat. † (Tolkien 243) I picked this quote to explain how the foreshadowing of Thorin reclaiming his ancestor’s mountain cabin wraps up. The dwarves are hiding out in the mountain, and now they will have to hold off against whoever feels obligated to collect the dragon’s treasures. As the narrator switches points of views, he pictures birds thickly gathering. When you see something abnormal occur in nature, you get a feeling something bad is about to happen. This picture Tolkien painted compelled me to keep on reading. Expecting the dwarves to be dead, the humans and their allies have come to claim the dragons’ treasures. The humans mean no harm to the dwarves, and once they find them there they suggest they should split the riches. Thorin, feeling all of it is his become very defensive and abruptly declines. This is the first time in the novel I found Thorin to be so bold in his actions. Considering they greet him with an overly-polite â€Å"Hail Thorin! †, I think he should have gave them a small share for slaying the dragon. Although I am not in the situation personally, I couldn’t say what I would suggest. After finally reaching what his whole journey was driven off of, he would need time to make a decision. I find quote humorous and ironic. Thus because Thorin wanted to remain close to his newly acquired treasures, and now he has to being that the mountain is besieged. Now, Thorin has had enough of the mountain when the fun just started. â€Å"Now the days passed slowly and wearily. Many of the dwarves spent their time piling and ordering the treasure; and now Thorin spike of the Arkenstone of Thrain, and bade them eagerly to look for it in every corner. † (Tolkien 244) â€Å"I am tired of stairs and stone passages. I would give a good deal for the feel of grass at my toes. I would give a good deal for the feel of strong drink in my throat, and for a soft bed after a good supper! † (Tolkien 246) â€Å"All in good time! † said Gandalf. â€Å"Things are drawing towards the end now, unless I am mistaken. There is an unpleasant time just in front of you; but keep your heart up! You may come through all right. There us news brewing that not even ravens have heard. Good night! † (Tolkien 249) This is one of my most favorite examples of dramatic irony I came across in the novel. Thorin is searching for the Arkenstone restlessly. What he doesn’t know is that Bilbo swiftly retrieved it on one of his first adventures into the mountain. At one point Bilbo gets worried after Thorin says he would put his life on the stone to get it back. Bilbo doesn’t want a conflict to erupt between the three races. The dramatic irony throughout this novel up to this point made it much more fun to read. Eventually Bilbo is tired of sticking it out in the mountain. He longs for him humble life so he takes matters into his own hands. Offering the Arkenstone, something so valuable to his expedition, to avoid conflict is something that was just in his nature. An action like this was very brave for him, but he knew what he needed to do. In this quote, Gandalf is congratulating Bilbo on a job well done, yet not to become complacent because it is not all over yet. I think that it is essential Gandalf appreciated Bilbo’s actions of bravery and how he carries out what he believes in with such finesse. Bilbo gets excited because of Gandalf’s compliments, and I felt happy for him. â€Å"By the beard of Durin! I wish I had Gandalf here! Curse him for his choice of you! May his beard wither! As for you I will throw you to the rocks! He cried and lifted Bilbo into his arms. Stay! Your wish is granted! † said a voice. The old man with the casket threw aside his hood and cloak. â€Å"Here is Gandalf! And none too soon it seems. If you don’t like my Burglar, please don’t damage him. Put him down, and listen first to what he has to say! † (Tolkien 250-251) â€Å"The Goblins are upon you ! Bolg of the North is coming, O Dain! Whose father you slew in Moria. Behold! The bats are above his army like a sea of locusts. † (Tolkien 255) â€Å"It was a terrible battle. The most dreadful of all Bilbo’s experiences, and the one which at the time he hated most. † (Tolkien 257) This quote that I picked only further emphasizes the fact that Gandalf’s and Bilbo’s views correspond with each other. Nothing bad can really result from a duo with supernatural powers and great resourcefulness. I also appreciate how Gandalf cuts Thorin down to size. I believe that the riches he sits upon got to his head and now he somewhat corrupt. In this part of the book, we are introduced to a new character, â€Å"Bolg of the North†. According to the book, Bolg is the son of Azog. This is very interesting because earlier in the book we learned Azog was the goblin who killed Thorin’s grandfather, Thror. This reminds me of the short story we read earlier in the year, The Interlopers, and how the hostility remained between the generations of family. This explanation of the battle given on the account of Bilbo really made me realize the degree of severity in which it occurred. If this was worse than Bilbo’s experience of being chased up a tree by wolves and then having it slowly burnt down with him stuck up there, then this battle must have been pretty bad. I would have to say it was by far Bilbo’s nightmare occurring in reality. â€Å"When Bilbo came to himself, he was literally by himself† (Tolkien 261) There indeed lay Thorin Oakenshield, wounded with many wounds, and his rent armour and notched ace were cast upon the floor. He looked up as Bilbo came beside him. â€Å"Farewell, good theif,† he said. I go now to the halls of waiting to sit beside my fathers, until the world is renewed. Since I leave now all gold and silver, and go where it is of little wo rth, I wish to part in friendship with you, and I would take back my words and deeds at the Gate. † (Tolkien 262) â€Å"So comes snow after fire, and even dragons have their ending! † said Bilbo, and he turned his back on his adventure. The Tookish part was getting very tired, and the Baggins was daily getting stronger. â€Å"I wish now only to be in my own armchair! † he said† (Tolkien 268) This statement, which opens up the 18th chapter, highlights the life of solitude Bilbo longed for the whole time he was away from his ascetic life. Tolkien shows how he was forced to cope by himself with no one there for him as they were either dead or in hiding. I felt a lot of sympathy here for Bilbo because he was always there to lend a hand to everyone else but in this instance, no one was there for him. Thrown in a much different situation, Thorin acts completely different towards Bilbo. Even though I disliked Thorin a lot since the beginning of the book, I looked at his character with a lot more respect after he parted by making amends with everyone – especially Bilbo. Bilbo definitely deserved an apology and I revere Thorin for delivering it. I noticed that as time went on in the book, Bilbo kept longing for his hobbit hole. Since his Tookish blood that has longed for adventure is now satisfied, he needs time to recover from everything he has seen and experienced. Now fueled and fired by the drive to get home, nothing is going to stop Bilbo. He is now a much stronger, wiser, and keen hobbit. â€Å"The dragon is withered, his bones are now crumbled; His armour is shivered, His splendor is humbled! Though sword shall be rusted, And throne and crown perish With strength that men trusted And wealth that they cherish, Here grass is still growing, And leaves are yet swinging, The white water flowing, And elves are yet singing Come! Tra-la-la-lally! Come back to the valley! † (Tolkien 269) â€Å"Bless Me! What’s going on? He cried. There was a great commotion and people of all sorts, respectable and unrespectable, were thick round the door, and many were going in and out – not even wiping their feet on the mat, as Bilbo noticed with annoyance. † (Tolkien 274) â€Å"Thank goodness! † said Bilbo laughing, and handed him the tobacco-jar. † (Tolkien 276) This excerpt, the elves being the speakers behind it, recite these lines in song. This quote shows how the slaying of the dragon and triumph over the goblins and Wargs not only positively affected Bilbo and the dwarves, but life in all of the lands. Because of their brave actions, everyone can now live much more peacefully. In this quote, Bilbo finally returns home. He’s been ‘round the world and back – literally – only to find his belongings are being auctioned off to strangers. If I was in Bilbo’s situation I would have probably gone berserk and thrown everyone out, one by one. I couldn’t even have imagined such a thing happening to Bilbo. If there was one thing I can see Bilbo caring about is his good ‘ol pipe and tobacco. These two items are the perfect combination to calm down and relax such a humble hobbit like Bilbo. I happy that at least his pride wasn’t stripped from him at his homecoming. Bilbo has returned at last. How to cite The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts, Essay examples

Past Consideration free essay sample

Consideration is also known as element of exchange. To be a contract, the transaction must be supported by consideration. According to general rule, s. 26 of CA state that an agreement made without consideration is void. We can define consideration as the price paid for benefit received or is an exchange of promises. It means that something with monetary value, voluntarily exchanged for an act, benefit, forbearance, interest, promise, right, or goods or services. For example, the promisee has to give something in return for the promise of the promisor in order to convert a bare promise made in his favour into a binding contract. According to Lord Dunedin in Dunlop v Selfridge (1915), consideration is â€Å"an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable†. Thus, consideration may be viewed as a sort of bargain, or price which one party pays to buy the promise or act of the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Past Consideration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the promisor promises to do or to abstain from doing something, the promisee must pay a price for it. There are three types of consideration and one of the considerations is the past consideration. 1.2 Past Consideration Pass consideration is one type of the consideration. If one part voluntarily performs an act before the promise was made or the other party then makes a promise, the consideration for the promise is said to be in the past. For example, A finds and returns B’s digital camera and in gratitude, B promises to reward him with RM 200. B had made a promise here in return for A prior act which is return his digital camera. The return of the camera was an act in the past done independently of B’s promise and will be pass consideration. 2.0 Content 2.1 Past Consideration under Common Law There are two different views toward this past consideration. Under Common Law of England the general rule, the view of past consideration is that it is not a good consideration and is not recognized by English Law. It is insufficient to support a contract. The past consideration is valid if something is done in the business context and it was understood that both parties that it would be paid off. We can refer to the examples cases of 2.1 (a) Re McArdle (1951) and 2.1 (b) Roscorla V Thomas (1842). 2.1 (a) Re McArdle (1951) After the death of the mother, five children inherited the house. Some home improvements had been paid by one of the daughters in law. Later, the other four of the children signed a document that they promised to pay her the money for the work done, in consideration of carrying out improvements to the property. However, the others then refused to pay to her and the Court of Appeal held that the promise was unenforceable because all the work that had done before the promise made was just a past consideration. 2.1 (b) Roscorla V Thomas (1842) Roscorla purchased a horse from Thomas. After Roscorla had purchased the horse, Thomas then promised that the horse was in a good condition and it is not vicious. However, Roscorla then just realized the horse was actually vicious. At last, the decision is that the promise of Thomas was not binding because the promise was made after the sale had been completed and the buyer had given nothing in return for it. It was a past consideration, so the buyer could not rely on the prior sale to support the new promise. This is the two cases which can support that the past consideration is not a good consideration in the English Law. 2.1.1 Exceptions However, not all the past consideration is not a good consideration under the English Law, but still, there are also exceptions that past consideration is a good consideration under English Law the general rule. The circumstances of the exceptions is that at the promisor’s request to provide goods and services previously, then promise made after the provision of goods will be binding. We can refer to the case 2.1.1 (a) Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615). There is also another cases we can refer to it which are 2.1.1 (b) Pao On v Lau Yiu Long (1979). 2.1.1 (a) Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) Braithwait killed someone and asked Lampleigh to obtain for him a royal pardon. Lampleigh did so and in exchange, Braithwait promised to pay him  £100 for his efforts. Braithwait never paid to Lampleigh and so broke this promise and Lampleigh sued him. The court held that Lampleigh succeeded in this action because it appears to be unspoken understanding that the service would be paid for and so was not past. 2.1.1 (b) Pao On v Lau Yiu Long (1979) Pao On agreed to sell shares to Fu Chip which was controlled by Long, in consideration for certain shares. To protect the share value, Pao On and Fu Chip agreed that Pao On would retain 60% of the acquired shares until April 1974. However, in April 1973, Pao On refused to proceed with the contract unless Long agreed to indemnify him against the value of the retained shares falling below a set level. Long agreed, but only to ensure public confidence in company. The sale proceeded an Pao On sought to enforce the indemnity. This cases was held that there was consideration. This case had present all three element which are the act done was done at the promisor’s request, the parties understood that the act would be remunerated in some way, and it would be legally enforceable if the promise had been given in advance of the act. 2.2 Past Consideration under Malaysian Contract Act On the view from Malaysian Law which is the Malaysian Contract Act, past consideration is a good consideration and is valid consideration. It is something which wholly performed before the promise was made. According to s. 2 (d) of CA, 1950, the words â€Å"has done or abstained from doing† had implied that an act prior to the promise is sufficient to constitute consideration even though it is clearly past provided it is done at the desire of the promisor. This is illustrated in the case of 2.2 (a) Kepong Prospecting Ltd Ors v Schmidt (1968). 2.2 (a) Kepong Prospecting Ltd Ors v Schmidt (1968) Schmidt is a consultant engineer who has assisted another in obtaining a prospecting permit for mining iron ore in state of Johore. He helped in the subsequent formation of Kepong Prospecting Ltd and was appointed as its Managing Director. After the company was formed, they entered into an agreement whereby the company undertook to pay 1% of the value of all ore sold from the mining land. This was being in consideration of the services rendered by the consulting engineer for and on behalf of the company prior to its formation, after incorporation and for future services. Thus, were the services rendered after the incorporation but before the agreement were sufficient consideration? The court held that is was clearly past consideration and it did constitute a valid consideration so that Schmidt was entitled to his claim on the amount. The services prior to the company’s information could not amount to consideration as they could not be rendered to a non-existent company, nor could the company bind itself to pay for services claimed to have been rendered before its incorporation. 2.2.1 An Agreement to Compensate for Something Voluntarily Done Based on s. 26 (b) of CA, 1950 there are two limbs to this exception. First, it is promise to compensate either wholly or in part the other person (promise). Another is the promisee has voluntarily done something for the promisor. Thus, the prior is that no matter the act has been performed by the promisee, the agreement must have been performed voluntarily. 2.2.2 An Agreement to Compensate Something which Promisor was Legally Compellable to Do According to s.26 (b) of CA 1950, the necessary ingredients are that the promisee has voluntarily done an act. Beside, the act is one which the promisor was legally compellable to do. It is also an agreement to compensate, wholly or in part the promise for the act. 2.2.3 A Promise to Pay a Statute-Barred Debt s. 26 (c) of CA 1950 states that a statute barred debt refers to a debt, which are not recoverable through legal action due to a lapse of time fixed by the law. The time limit is 6years from the time of cause if action arises. It was under the Limitation Act 1953. s. 26 (c) of CA 1950 creates an exception to this rule but subject to several conditions: 1. The debtor made a fresh promise to pay the statute barred debt 2. The promise is in writing and signed by the person to be charged or his authorized agent in his or her behalf 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, we can know that there is difference between the past consideration under Common Law of England and Malaysian Contracts Act, 1950. Although there is different view of past consideration from two different laws, but there are still exceptions for both law. To decide whether the past consideration is a good or bad consideration, the most important still is to depend on the cases. Past consideration is sometime good to prevent fraud. 1.0 Issues There are two issues in this case. The first issue in this case is whether Lorraine has the right to cancel or repudiate the contract. Another issue is that whether Lorraine can claim or ask for the damages from the company. 2.0 Sources of Law In order to know whether the repudiation of contract and claiming damages from company can be succeed, we need to understand the legal principles or the legal position of Lorraine now. This is essential because the decision is held using these legal principles. 2.1 Terms of Contract There is no provision in the Contract Act 1950 dealing explicitly with the term of a contract. It does not have provision to clarify whether all the terms of contract must be express or whether they can be implied into a contract. Thus, the courts in Malaysia have adopted common law rules on these matters. The terms of a contract are its contents. The contents of a contract are known as terms or clauses. Generally, an agreement will consist of various terms and the rights and obligations of parties to a contract are determined by the terms of that contract. These terms of contract can be express or implied. 2.1.1 Implied Terms Implied terms are those terms which have not been discussed or mentioned by either party will nonetheless be included in the contract. The contract doesn’t make commercial sense without that term. However, the court will imply into the contract when they appears to be consistent with the intention of the parties. 2.1.2 Express Terms Express terms are those terms that have been specifically mentioned and agreed by both parties at the time the contract is made. For examples, concern price, quantity, quality, size, colour or delivery date. They can either agree wholly by oral or writing or may be found in a combination of them. 2.1.2.1 Conditions Terms and Warranties Terms Express terms and Implied Terms had been divided into two categories which are Conditions and Warranties. It does not draw any distinction between the two for the CA 1950, but still the Malaysian courts have drawn the distinction between them by following the common law. 2.1.2.1.1 Conditions Terms A condition is the major term which is indeed essential to the main purpose of the contract. If the promisor broke or breach of condition in any respect, it will entitle the injured party to repudiate the contract and claim damages. However slight it is, it gave the other party a right to be quit of his future obligations and to sue for damages. The injured party may also choose to go on with the contract, despite the breach, and recover damages instead. The example cases that we had are 2.1.2.1.1 (a) Poussard v Spiers (1876). 2.1.2.1.1 (a) Poussard v Spiers (1876) Madame Poussard was engaged to appear in an operetta which was to be produced at Spiers theatre and entered into a contract for three months. Unfortunately, the plaintiff fell ill and missed the opening night and three performances. The producers were forced to engage a substitute. A week later Poussard recovered and offered to take her place, but the defendants refused to take her back for the remaining performance and she sued him. The court held that Poussard was in breach of condition and Spiers were entitled to repudiate the contract. She missed the most important performance on the opening night. The obligation to perform from the first night was a condition of the contract. Thus, Spiers entitled to repudiate Poussard’s contract. 2.1.2.1.1.1 Rescission The contract is revoked and parties are returned to their original positions as if there was no contract between them. It revert the contract to the day it had not been signed as if the contract had not been made. Alternatively, the party suffering from a breach of condition may treat it as a breach of warranty and claim damages only. We can refer to the example cases 2.1.2.1.1.1 (a) Tham Cheow Toh v Associated Metal Smelters (1972). 2.1.2.1.1.1 (a) Tham Cheow Toh v Associated Metal Smelters (1972) The appellant agreed to sell a metal melting furnace to the respondents and undertook that the melting furnace shall have a temperature of higher than 2,600 °F. However, the specification was not satisfied which was not higher than the desire temperature, the respondents brought an action alleging breach of condition of the contract. The court held that the appellant’s failure to supply a furnace according to the specifications was a breach of condition of the contract. Thus, the respondent has the right to cancel the contract and also claim damages if any, or to treat it as a breach of warranty and claim damages only. 2.1.2.1.2 Warranties Terms Compare conditions, warranties is less essential than it. It does not go to the root of the contract and is collateral to the main purpose of the contract. If there is breach of warranty, the injured party not entitled to cancel the contract, but only have the right to claim for damages. 2.1.2.1.2 (a) Bettini v Gye (1876) Bettini, an opera singer was engaged by Gye to sing in a series of concerts. He also undertook to be in London at least six days to attend the rehearsal sessions. At last, due to temporary illness, he arrived three days late. He gave no advance notice and Gye therefore cancel the contract. It was held that the failure to attend the rehearsals by the plaintiff could only affect a small part of this period. It was not a very important term of the contract and is not conditions. The defendant could claim compensation for a breach of warranty but he could not terminate contract with Bettini. 3.0 The Law to the Fact Situation Refer to the cases, the oven that Lorraine bought did not reach the requisite temperature that she wants, which means does not satisfied her specifications. Before Lorraine purchasing the oven, she had already made know expressly to Warren that the oven should reach temperature at least 2,000 ºF. When Lorraine told Warren expressly, this action of Lorraine had proven that although there is not written in contract, but there is an oral form of agreement between them. (Ref 2.1.2). Besides, for an oven, the temperature is important and is the conditions for it. When Lorraine told Warren that the temperature should at least 2,000 ºF, the condition terms is appear here. (Ref 2.1.2.1.1). The temperature of an oven can’t amount as warranty term (Ref 2.1.2.1.2) because as mentioned just now, the temperature to an oven is essential, so that is the condition, not a warranty term. 4.0 Conclusion In conclusion, Lorraine has the right to repudiate the contract and also claim the damages from Warren because the condition terms is exist when Lorraine expressly made know to Warren about the requisite of the temperature. Lorraine can succeed in 2her action base on the Express Term and Conditions Term.

Corporate Social Responsibility for Volkswagen-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibility for Volkswagen Company. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility forms an important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Furthermore, an effective management of the shareholders is another important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations. It is significant to note that the shareholders are the investors who have made an investment into the concerned business organization and thereby take an active interest in the diverse business activities of the concerned business organizations (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). The effective management of the relationship with these diverse shareholders thus becomes very important for the various business organizations. However, in the opinion of many people the various employees of the concerned business organizations form a more important part of the business organization than the shareholders whom the managers or the leaders of the concerned business organization gets to meet only once or twice a year (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). In addition to that, many people are of the opinion that the various employees contribute more towards to the overall growth as well as the development of the concerned business organization (Cheng, Loannou, and Serafeim 2014, 1-23). This particular essay intends to shed light on the statement of the particular statement of the CEO of Volkswagen Why should I care about the shareholders, who I see once a year at the general meeting. It is much more important that I care about the employees; I see them every day and the concept of corporate governance. The paper will more specifically focus on the unethical use of the defeat device which the company Volkswagen used to manipulate the emission rates of the vehicles manufactured by it. Corporate Social Responsibility or more commonly called by the name of CSR can be defined as the process by means of which the various business organizations functions as a self-regulatory mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards and national or international norms (Cheng, Loannou, and Serafeim 2014, 1-23). Thus, the various business organizations form their own regulatory bodies by means of which they form their regulatory bodies which functions just like a sovereign would rule their empire (Schwartz 2017, 10-51). Furthermore, these regulatory bodies are in compliance with the various international rules as well as regulations and thus they are used by the various business organizations for the resolution of the various conflicts and the crisis events which the various business organizations often face (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). In the opinion of many scholars, corporations increase long-term p rofits by operating with a CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from businesses' economic role (The Globe And Mail 2018). Furthermore, the CSR is also indicative of the social responsibility which a particular business organization has towards the society. It is commonly seen that the various business organizations take the help of effective corporate social responsibility to not only further the interests of their business organizations but also to create a positive brand image for themselves. Thus, it is often seen that the various business organizations often indulge in various creative activities to create a better brand image for themselves. Therefore, it is often seen that the various business organizations also try to promote the various precepts of the environmental legislations in the corporate social responsibility programs in a bid not only to create a positive brand image for the company concerned but also to contribute towards the cause of the environ ment. Thus, it can be said that the various corporate social responsibilities followed by the diverse business organizations are a reflection of the goals as well as the objectives set by the concerned business organization. The company Volkswagen, founded in the year 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler is a German automobile company which specializes in the manufacture of the cars and other vehicles (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). It is significant to note that the company was adjudged the largest automobile company of the world in the year 2016 in terms of the sale volume (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). The literal meaning of the name of the company is "people's car" and therefore the company intends to serve the interests of the common people in the best possible manner (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). However, in the recent times, the company had faced a lot of backlash due to the unethical means which it used not only to enhance the number of vehicles sold by it but also to evade the results of the various regulatory tests. According to a recently published article in The Telegraph (2018), Volkswagen has admitted that 11 million vehicles worldwide were fitted with software to cheat emissions tests, as the scandal moved from beyond the US (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). Furthermore, in addition to this, the company is facing fines of $18 billion after accepting it had systematically installed software in VW and Audi diesels since 2009 to deceive regulators who were measuring exhaust fumes (Nytimes.Com 2018). This shocking revelation by the company has put more than 11 million vehicles from all over the world at risk. It is significant to note that the company used software, also called by the name of defeat devices, which when implanted in the cars showed a reduced emission rate than the actual ones that was originally being produced by the cars (Nytimes.Com 2018). This revelation originally put 482,000 cars at risk however later on investigations proved that the company used the same software to evade the tests for more than 11 million vehicles (BBC News 2018). The problem surfaced last November when the company found irregularities in tests to measure carbon dioxide emissions levels that co uld affect about 800,000 cars in Europe - including petrol vehicles (BBC News 2018). However, later investigations unearthed that it was the defeat device used by the company which was causing the problem. Therefore, it can be said that the company in a bid to increase the amount of profit gained by it on an yearly basis put not only the lives of millions of people from different parts of the world at risk but also posed a significant damage to the environment by manipulating the emission rates of the vehicles which it manufactured. Therefore, it would not be too far-fetched to say that this particular policy used by the company was not only unethical but also posed a significant damage to the environment and the lives of the people concerned in the process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the organization which is entrusted with work of ensuring that the emissions caused by the various vehicles are kept at a minimum level (The Guardian 2018). The official report of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the nation of the United States of America states that cars had been fitted with sophisticated software algorithms which detect when they are undergoing official emissions testing and turn on full emissions controls (The Guardian 2018). It was thus particular defeat device which was enabling the cars to evade the safety tests. It is significant to note that the various nations have levied a fine of more than $18 billion on the company in addition to the set aside 6.5 billion to tackle the problem which is expected to include a huge recall so that the software can be updated (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). This particular unethical practice of the company has made millions of vehicles all over the world illegal and also has pu t the lives of billions of people across the world at risk due to the environmental risk which these vehicles are posing to the environment. The Corporate Social Responsibility policies of the company as well as the other strategies which the company takes help of focused more on the increasing the number of sale of the vehicles and thereby the annual profit of the company concerned. The CEO of the company himself said Why should I care about the shareholders, who I see once a year at the general meeting. It is much more important that I care about the employees; I see them every day (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). Thus, it can be said that the policies as well as the strategies of the company are directed more towards the employees who form one of the core components of the company. It is significant to note that this is in stark contrast to the policies followed by the other business organizations which place a greater amount of value on the satisfaction level of the shareholders who have spent not only their capital but also other resources in the company (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Therefore, it would be apt to say tha t the corporate governance policy of the company under discussion places more amount of insistence on the various employees of the company rather than on the diverse shareholders of the company (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). In the opinion of many people, this was one of the major factors which contributed to the downfall of the company in the recent times. The employees no doubt forms a very part of the organization concerned however the company by focusing more on the employees developed the strategy which ultimately lead to its downfall. In the opinion of many people, it is true that the primary purpose of the various business organizations is to make money however they should take into consideration the society as well as the planet as well of which they also are a part (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Furthermore, it is significant to note that financial sustainability is more important than the employee sustainability which the company tried to achieve by focusing more on the employees (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). A financially sustainable company could have withstood the backlash the company under discussion experienced recently (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). However, as the company chose to be an employee sustainable company by focusing more on the satisfaction of the employees thus the company was not able to handle the backlash. The company after the incident came to light has taken certain steps which would help the somewhat mitigate the damage which it committed in the course of the many years. First of all the company has decided to revoke all the vehicles which used the technology of defeat device (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). Secondly, the company also has agree set aside a huge sum of more than 6.5 billion in a bid to handle the situation which it has created and is also trying to change the style of governance followed by it for the management of its business operations, which has been attributed as one of the major reasons which lead to the fall of the company (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). It is significant to note that in the year 2016 the company was the largest automobile company in the world (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). However, after the incident the company lost one third of its shares within a single week and ended up incurring a loss of more than one billion. To conclude, it becomes apparent that corporate social responsibility forms an important part of the various business organizations. It can be said to embody the rules as well as regulations by means of which the various business organizations govern themselves just like a ruler would rule his or her kingdom. Furthermore, it is significant to note that the Corporate Social Responsibility of the various business organizations takes into consideration the various legislative as well as the ethical precepts given by the diverse governmental bodies. Moreover, it is often seen that an effective CSR policy can help the business organization concerned to bring about their overall growth as well as development however an ineffective or misplaced CSR can also bring about the ruin of the company concerned. Thus, it can be said that the concept of corporate social responsibility forms an important part of the various business organizations and the various business organizations often take the h elp of this particular concept to enhance the brand image of their business organization which will help them to have a more wider customer base. References Bchner, Lutz Michael. "Corporate social responsibility and sustainability from a global, European and corporate perspective. Corporate social responsibility and sustainable governance."Eurolimes, Permeability and Impermeability of Socio-Economic Frontiers of the European Union12 (2012). Cheng, Beiting, Ioannis Ioannou, and George Serafeim. "Corporate social responsibility and access to finance."Strategic Management Journal35, no. 1 (2014): 1-23. Dans, Enrique. "Volkswagen and the failure of Corporate Social Responsibility."Forbes Magazine(2015). Epstein, Marc J., and Adriana Rejc Buhovac.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2014. Gates, Guilbert, Jack Ewing, Karl Russell, and Derek Watkins. 2018. "How VolkswagenS Defeat Devices Worked".Nytimes.Com. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/vw-diesel-emissions-scandal-explained.html. Hopkins, Michael.The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Routledge, 2012. Kinderman, Daniel. "Corporate social responsibility in the EU, 19932013: Institutional ambiguity, economic crises, business legitimacy and bureaucratic politics."JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies51, no. 4 (2013): 701-720. Knapton, Sarah. 2018. "Volkswagen Admits 11 Million Cars Worldwide Fitted With Suspect Software".Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/road-and-rail-transport/11881970/Volkswagen-admits-11-million-cars-worldwide-fitted-with-suspect-software.html. Neate, Rupert. 2018. "Volkswagen Under Investigation Over Illegal Software That Masks Emissions".The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/18/epa-california-investigate-volkswagen-clean-air-violations. Pless, Nicola M., Thomas Maak, and Gnter K. Stahl. "Promoting corporate social responsibility and sustainable development through management development: What can be learned from international service learning programs?."Human Resource Management51, no. 6 (2012): 873-903. Schneider, Andreas, and Ren Schmidpeter. "Corporate social responsibility."Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua(2012). Schwartz, Mark S.Corporate social responsibility. Routledge, 2017. Strategy. 2018.Volkswagenag.Com. https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/group/strategy.html. Tai, Fang-Mei, and Shu-Hao Chuang. "Corporate social responsibility."Ibusiness6, no. 03 (2014): 117. The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal: A Case Study In Corporate Misbehaviour". 2018.The Globe And Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-vw-emissions-scandala-case-study-in-what-not-to-do/article26550100/. Volkswagen: The Scandal Explained. 2018.BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772.