Corporate Social Responsibility for Volkswagen-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibility for Volkswagen Company. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility forms an important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Furthermore, an effective management of the shareholders is another important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations. It is significant to note that the shareholders are the investors who have made an investment into the concerned business organization and thereby take an active interest in the diverse business activities of the concerned business organizations (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). The effective management of the relationship with these diverse shareholders thus becomes very important for the various business organizations. However, in the opinion of many people the various employees of the concerned business organizations form a more important part of the business organization than the shareholders whom the managers or the leaders of the concerned business organization gets to meet only once or twice a year (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). In addition to that, many people are of the opinion that the various employees contribute more towards to the overall growth as well as the development of the concerned business organization (Cheng, Loannou, and Serafeim 2014, 1-23). This particular essay intends to shed light on the statement of the particular statement of the CEO of Volkswagen Why should I care about the shareholders, who I see once a year at the general meeting. It is much more important that I care about the employees; I see them every day and the concept of corporate governance. The paper will more specifically focus on the unethical use of the defeat device which the company Volkswagen used to manipulate the emission rates of the vehicles manufactured by it. Corporate Social Responsibility or more commonly called by the name of CSR can be defined as the process by means of which the various business organizations functions as a self-regulatory mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards and national or international norms (Cheng, Loannou, and Serafeim 2014, 1-23). Thus, the various business organizations form their own regulatory bodies by means of which they form their regulatory bodies which functions just like a sovereign would rule their empire (Schwartz 2017, 10-51). Furthermore, these regulatory bodies are in compliance with the various international rules as well as regulations and thus they are used by the various business organizations for the resolution of the various conflicts and the crisis events which the various business organizations often face (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). In the opinion of many scholars, corporations increase long-term p rofits by operating with a CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from businesses' economic role (The Globe And Mail 2018). Furthermore, the CSR is also indicative of the social responsibility which a particular business organization has towards the society. It is commonly seen that the various business organizations take the help of effective corporate social responsibility to not only further the interests of their business organizations but also to create a positive brand image for themselves. Thus, it is often seen that the various business organizations often indulge in various creative activities to create a better brand image for themselves. Therefore, it is often seen that the various business organizations also try to promote the various precepts of the environmental legislations in the corporate social responsibility programs in a bid not only to create a positive brand image for the company concerned but also to contribute towards the cause of the environ ment. Thus, it can be said that the various corporate social responsibilities followed by the diverse business organizations are a reflection of the goals as well as the objectives set by the concerned business organization. The company Volkswagen, founded in the year 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler is a German automobile company which specializes in the manufacture of the cars and other vehicles (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). It is significant to note that the company was adjudged the largest automobile company of the world in the year 2016 in terms of the sale volume (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). The literal meaning of the name of the company is "people's car" and therefore the company intends to serve the interests of the common people in the best possible manner (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). However, in the recent times, the company had faced a lot of backlash due to the unethical means which it used not only to enhance the number of vehicles sold by it but also to evade the results of the various regulatory tests. According to a recently published article in The Telegraph (2018), Volkswagen has admitted that 11 million vehicles worldwide were fitted with software to cheat emissions tests, as the scandal moved from beyond the US (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). Furthermore, in addition to this, the company is facing fines of $18 billion after accepting it had systematically installed software in VW and Audi diesels since 2009 to deceive regulators who were measuring exhaust fumes (Nytimes.Com 2018). This shocking revelation by the company has put more than 11 million vehicles from all over the world at risk. It is significant to note that the company used software, also called by the name of defeat devices, which when implanted in the cars showed a reduced emission rate than the actual ones that was originally being produced by the cars (Nytimes.Com 2018). This revelation originally put 482,000 cars at risk however later on investigations proved that the company used the same software to evade the tests for more than 11 million vehicles (BBC News 2018). The problem surfaced last November when the company found irregularities in tests to measure carbon dioxide emissions levels that co uld affect about 800,000 cars in Europe - including petrol vehicles (BBC News 2018). However, later investigations unearthed that it was the defeat device used by the company which was causing the problem. Therefore, it can be said that the company in a bid to increase the amount of profit gained by it on an yearly basis put not only the lives of millions of people from different parts of the world at risk but also posed a significant damage to the environment by manipulating the emission rates of the vehicles which it manufactured. Therefore, it would not be too far-fetched to say that this particular policy used by the company was not only unethical but also posed a significant damage to the environment and the lives of the people concerned in the process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the organization which is entrusted with work of ensuring that the emissions caused by the various vehicles are kept at a minimum level (The Guardian 2018). The official report of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the nation of the United States of America states that cars had been fitted with sophisticated software algorithms which detect when they are undergoing official emissions testing and turn on full emissions controls (The Guardian 2018). It was thus particular defeat device which was enabling the cars to evade the safety tests. It is significant to note that the various nations have levied a fine of more than $18 billion on the company in addition to the set aside 6.5 billion to tackle the problem which is expected to include a huge recall so that the software can be updated (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). This particular unethical practice of the company has made millions of vehicles all over the world illegal and also has pu t the lives of billions of people across the world at risk due to the environmental risk which these vehicles are posing to the environment. The Corporate Social Responsibility policies of the company as well as the other strategies which the company takes help of focused more on the increasing the number of sale of the vehicles and thereby the annual profit of the company concerned. The CEO of the company himself said Why should I care about the shareholders, who I see once a year at the general meeting. It is much more important that I care about the employees; I see them every day (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). Thus, it can be said that the policies as well as the strategies of the company are directed more towards the employees who form one of the core components of the company. It is significant to note that this is in stark contrast to the policies followed by the other business organizations which place a greater amount of value on the satisfaction level of the shareholders who have spent not only their capital but also other resources in the company (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Therefore, it would be apt to say tha t the corporate governance policy of the company under discussion places more amount of insistence on the various employees of the company rather than on the diverse shareholders of the company (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). In the opinion of many people, this was one of the major factors which contributed to the downfall of the company in the recent times. The employees no doubt forms a very part of the organization concerned however the company by focusing more on the employees developed the strategy which ultimately lead to its downfall. In the opinion of many people, it is true that the primary purpose of the various business organizations is to make money however they should take into consideration the society as well as the planet as well of which they also are a part (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Furthermore, it is significant to note that financial sustainability is more important than the employee sustainability which the company tried to achieve by focusing more on the employees (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). A financially sustainable company could have withstood the backlash the company under discussion experienced recently (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). However, as the company chose to be an employee sustainable company by focusing more on the satisfaction of the employees thus the company was not able to handle the backlash. The company after the incident came to light has taken certain steps which would help the somewhat mitigate the damage which it committed in the course of the many years. First of all the company has decided to revoke all the vehicles which used the technology of defeat device (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). Secondly, the company also has agree set aside a huge sum of more than 6.5 billion in a bid to handle the situation which it has created and is also trying to change the style of governance followed by it for the management of its business operations, which has been attributed as one of the major reasons which lead to the fall of the company (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). It is significant to note that in the year 2016 the company was the largest automobile company in the world (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). However, after the incident the company lost one third of its shares within a single week and ended up incurring a loss of more than one billion. To conclude, it becomes apparent that corporate social responsibility forms an important part of the various business organizations. It can be said to embody the rules as well as regulations by means of which the various business organizations govern themselves just like a ruler would rule his or her kingdom. Furthermore, it is significant to note that the Corporate Social Responsibility of the various business organizations takes into consideration the various legislative as well as the ethical precepts given by the diverse governmental bodies. Moreover, it is often seen that an effective CSR policy can help the business organization concerned to bring about their overall growth as well as development however an ineffective or misplaced CSR can also bring about the ruin of the company concerned. Thus, it can be said that the concept of corporate social responsibility forms an important part of the various business organizations and the various business organizations often take the h elp of this particular concept to enhance the brand image of their business organization which will help them to have a more wider customer base. References Bchner, Lutz Michael. "Corporate social responsibility and sustainability from a global, European and corporate perspective. Corporate social responsibility and sustainable governance."Eurolimes, Permeability and Impermeability of Socio-Economic Frontiers of the European Union12 (2012). Cheng, Beiting, Ioannis Ioannou, and George Serafeim. "Corporate social responsibility and access to finance."Strategic Management Journal35, no. 1 (2014): 1-23. Dans, Enrique. "Volkswagen and the failure of Corporate Social Responsibility."Forbes Magazine(2015). Epstein, Marc J., and Adriana Rejc Buhovac.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2014. Gates, Guilbert, Jack Ewing, Karl Russell, and Derek Watkins. 2018. "How VolkswagenS Defeat Devices Worked".Nytimes.Com. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/vw-diesel-emissions-scandal-explained.html. Hopkins, Michael.The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Routledge, 2012. Kinderman, Daniel. "Corporate social responsibility in the EU, 19932013: Institutional ambiguity, economic crises, business legitimacy and bureaucratic politics."JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies51, no. 4 (2013): 701-720. Knapton, Sarah. 2018. "Volkswagen Admits 11 Million Cars Worldwide Fitted With Suspect Software".Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/road-and-rail-transport/11881970/Volkswagen-admits-11-million-cars-worldwide-fitted-with-suspect-software.html. Neate, Rupert. 2018. "Volkswagen Under Investigation Over Illegal Software That Masks Emissions".The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/18/epa-california-investigate-volkswagen-clean-air-violations. Pless, Nicola M., Thomas Maak, and Gnter K. Stahl. "Promoting corporate social responsibility and sustainable development through management development: What can be learned from international service learning programs?."Human Resource Management51, no. 6 (2012): 873-903. Schneider, Andreas, and Ren Schmidpeter. "Corporate social responsibility."Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua(2012). Schwartz, Mark S.Corporate social responsibility. Routledge, 2017. Strategy. 2018.Volkswagenag.Com. https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/group/strategy.html. Tai, Fang-Mei, and Shu-Hao Chuang. "Corporate social responsibility."Ibusiness6, no. 03 (2014): 117. The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal: A Case Study In Corporate Misbehaviour". 2018.The Globe And Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-vw-emissions-scandala-case-study-in-what-not-to-do/article26550100/. Volkswagen: The Scandal Explained. 2018.BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772.

The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism Essay Example

The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism Paper The use of government intervention is a widely disputed phenomenon. Government intervention In an otherwise free market refers to a somewhat mixed economy. In this economy, government Intervention takes place even though the majority of the market is capitalist. This paper aims to explore the utilitarian argument of capitalism and discuss whether government intervention in an otherwise free market leads to inefficiencies on utilitarian grounds. Capitalism refers to a profit or market system (Shaw, 2008; Gray, 2011). In this system, economic catchy is private and operates with the goal of making a profit (Shaw, 2008). According to Shaw (2008). This activity Includes all businesses. Production, distribution, banking and manufacturing, to name but a few. The government only takes responsibility for national expenses such as health care and education and does not enforce any quotas on private business production levels (Shaw, 2008). This means that in a purely capitalist system, there is no government intervention and a free market exists. Basally and Jones (1993) describe this as a market based, customer-driven economy (p. 2). Capitalism has many key features of which four are most important. These include companies, profit motives, competition and private property (Shaw, 2008). In a capitalist system, companies can exist and act as separate legal entities (Gray, 2011; Shaw, 2008). Being a legal entity means that the company has legal rights and obligations and may be tried In a court of law (Shaw, 2008). The employees, shareholders and stakeholders of a particular company are viewed as being separate from the company even though they may work wealth the company or have a say in how it is run. We will write a custom essay sample on The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Utilitarian Argument of Capitalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second feature of a capitalist system is that a companys main motive is to make as much money as possible and thereby maximize its profit (Shaw, 2008). Gray (2011) states that the capitalist system assumes that profit is a result of productivity. This in turn means that having a profit motive encourages workers and employees to be more productive. Competition, the third feature, can be seen as a regulator In the capitalist system; a company who sells poor quality products at exorbitant prices will not receive as much business as a company who sells high quality products at lower costs (Shaw, 2008). The company who has poor products and high prices will therefore be forced to better their products and lower their prices in order to achieve their goal of profit mastication. The fourth key feature is private property. A capitalist system requires that the tangible and intangible means of production, distribution, capital and economic catchy are privately owned (Shaw, 2008). Any profits arising from these means will be that of the owners. Adam Smith, when discussing the political economy of trade, noticed that when individuals were faced with unfamiliar business partners and foreign legal systems, hey would prefer to invest in domestic rather than foreign trade (Wight, 2006). Consequently, their home country would gain in investment, which would increase employment Ana production, amongst toner things. I Nils phenomenon lea to ten invisible hand argument: when people pursue their own interests, they will ultimately, without aiming to do so, create the greatest utility for the greatest number of people (Shaw, 2008). This concept of the invisible hand can be used as a proxy for the utilitarian argument of capitalism. Smith (1776) (as cited in Shaw, 2008) illustrates his concept by stating that it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest (p. 130). According to Shaw (2008), the free and unrestrained market that exists under capitalism is more efficient and productive than any other system. This may be because in a free and unrestrained market an individual has the freedom to pursue his interests without any government restriction. One may then argue that government intervention may move some people away from the realization of their own self-interest. Through this reasoning, it can be said that government policies and regulations would not necessarily lead to the greatest amount of efficiency. Smith (1776) (as cited in Shaw, 2008) suggests that the removal of government policies and regulations on various resources such as raw materials, markets and labor would lead to the greatest amount of efficiency in a system. Shaw (2008) reasons that if consumers were freely allowed to choose what they bought and suppliers were freely allowed to choose what they sold and how they produced it, there would be no need for government intervention. The law of supply and demand would regulate the market and it would reach equilibrium. The law of supply and demand proposes that in the same way competition keeps an individual from becoming a ruthless profiteer (p. 131), it would be in an individuals best interest to sell an adequate amount of goods at fair prices (Shaw, 2008). Since China opened up its socialist economy to free market activities in 1978, it has experienced large benefits in many aspects (Presley, 2011). Expansion in the Chinese economy has led to decreased poverty, increased stability and a better standard of fife (Presley, 2011). From 1978 to 2011, Chinas Gross Domestic Profit has increased from $216 billion dollars to $5. 8 trillion dollars, the share of world economy has increased from 1. 8% to 9. 5% and the annual per income capita has increased from $266 to $4300 (Presley, 2011). This example proves that free market activities can in many ways create a greater good for a greater number of people. The utilitarian argument that Adam Smith puts forward assumes that people are self- interested, rational beings who are fully aware of the diverse range, price structure, laity and differences and similarities of the products available in the market (Shaw, 2008). In reality, large companies use tactics to manipulate the consumer and thereby reach their profit objectives (Shaw, 2008). Therefore, even with aid, it would be difficult for a consumer to make the rational, self-interested choices that Adam Smith assumes we as consumers are able to make. Capitalism requires perfect competition. For tons to occur, all Monolinguals Walton ten system must take market prices as parameters that they cannot control or change (Dobbin, 1991). This, however, is not the case in todays market. Dobbin (1991) suggests that market prices are not impersonal data (p. 7) but the result of decisions and negotiations between companies and individuals. Depending on the amount of power a company has, they could control their prices on their own or collude with other firms to set prices at profit maximizing levels. This means that many companies practice predatory pricing and create monopolies and oligopolies (Winfield, 2011). The lowest possible economic cost to society is therefore not being obtained, which in urn means that the system is not socially efficient and does not create the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Winfield, 2011). John Keynes challenged Adam Smith by opposing the idea that the law of supply and demand regulates the market (Dobbin, 1991). As mentioned previously, Shaw (2008) reasons that if consumers were freely allowed to choose what they bought, and there would be no need for government intervention. Keynes, however, realized that demand determines the amount a business supplies, as a business will only produce what it expects others will buy (Investigated, 2011). Keynes suggests that government intervention through fiscal and monetary policy should be used to control demand, which would enable full employment and levels of supply to be determined (Investigated, 2011). The utilitarian view of capitalism requires information symmetry. Information asymmetry occurs when the producer has more superior knowledge of the product than the consumer does (Investigated, 2011). This problem is illustrated in George Croakers Market for Lemons; sellers of poor quality goods and services have incentive to market their products as though they are of higher quality and better tankard to maximize their profit objectives (Investigated, 2011). This does not lead to price equilibrium. Instead, the distrust in the system may result in a no-trade equilibrium, which can lead to entire market failures. This is known as adverse selection (Investigated, 2011). Moral hazards are also caused by information asymmetry as people are more likely to take risks (Winfield, 2011). When individuals are exposed to poor quality goods, possible market failures, distrust and moral hazards, the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people is not created. Government intervention can be used to control externalities. Externalities are costs or benefits borne by someone other than the producer or consumer (Winfield, 2011). External costs such as carbon dioxide emissions, pollution, psychological effects and harmful medical effects do not create the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Firms may not consider these social costs and supply too many products. This does not result in equal supply and demand (Winfield, 2011). One of the major criticisms of capitalism is the blatant economic inequality that exalts In many capitalist isosceles ( BIBB). Monolinguals In tense isosceles are not born with equal opportunities and the utilitarian argument for capitalism is challenged on this basis. Some proponents of capitalism have claimed that government intervention is the cause of inequality, but Shaw (2008) contends that these arguments have been disproved by both history and economic theory. To avoid the poverty and inequality that capitalism creates, it has been suggested that some form of government intervention should be used. Critics however argue that because of the capitalist economic and political frameworks this would probably not be possible (Shaw, 2008). Another viewpoint is that inequality can be outweighed if living standards are increasing due to a capitalist system (Shaw, 2008). This is a subjective viewpoint which is both difficult to measure and more favored by people who are advantaged and happy with their current economic situation (Shaw, 2008). Recent events have illustrated that the global financial crisis may have been caused by the move away from Keynesian economics in 1979 to a free operation of the market (Sumo, 2009). This meant that government intervention was kept minimal during this time. In an attempt to rescue economies and prevent complete market allure, governments have resorted to large fiscal stimulus plans. Sumo (2009) states that governments, such the United States of America, have had fiscal stimuli as large as $878 billion in an attempt to rescue the economy. This example illustrates that government intervention may be needed to create efficiency in an economy. As discussed throughout this paper, the utilitarian argument for capitalism states that the greatest good for the greatest number of people will be achieved through the concept of an invisible hand leading the market to social efficiency and equilibrium.

Sample Act Essay Questions - Improves Your Marks

Sample Act Essay Questions - Improves Your MarksIf you are a struggling college student, take heart: sample act essay questions can be used to help you with your test. It is always better to do some practice before you actually take the exam. Take for example the mathematics or English exams. Many students take practice exams before the actual test.There are also some companies that provide very good practice exams. There are even companies that take practice tests from students before they take the actual test. These kinds of studies can really help you in your exam preparation.You can join a study group that meets once a week and you get feedback from other students on what kind of question would best fit your profile. These groups are usually based around a theme. Some topics are like 'partnership building', 'quick tips'lack of confidence'.So joining such a group will allow you to practice exam questions by yourself. Not only this but you can get lots of tips and strategies to imp rove your score.You can also study for the law exams by taking some practice law questions. This method is a bit more tedious and you will have to spend a lot of time, but it is certainly a faster way to get prepared.You can also try one of the popular methodologies of practicing for the law school exam. By reading material on the Internet and following closely the questions that appear on the exam.Try to analyze the 'hard questions' on the test. Look for patterns that might make it easier to answer or questions that you already know how to answer. Study your classmates' answers to also know if you should follow the same pattern or not.If you are serious about improving your grade and becoming a better student, then a lot of time and effort is required to get your hands on sample act essay questions. In case you do not have the time or the money to do so, then you can take help from online study guides. These guides will contain all the sample exam questions and answers.

Kirby Haizlip Midterm Thesis Essays - British Films,

Kirby HaizlipMidterm Thesis December 16, 1998English 10Mr Siuda The subject of people encountering ideas and objects that are alien is a common theme in many modern works of literature, including CS Lewis' Out of the Silent Planet and Ray Bradbury's classic novel Fahrenheit 451. Although there are different types of alien encounters, both of these books center around one or two pivotal encounters which changes a person's perception of life forever. In Ray Bradburys' classic novel of an alternate future filled with censorship and shallowness, the average life of a firefighter named Montag is turned upside down by two encounters with people who refuse to go along with the rules of a censorship-ridden society. The first of these encounters is with a young girl named Clarisse, who always asks questions of Montag which force him to really consider life. The second of these encounters is with an old woman who strikes the match which incinerates her house, killing her and destroying all her outlawed books. As a firefighter of the alternate future, Montags' job is to set fire to houses in which people save books of literature, instead of preventing and stopping fires in houses. The reason that the firefighters' don't have to prevent fires is the fact that all houses have long since been fireproofed. The government has commissioned a new breed of firefighters to eradicate all literature, which may make people start thinking about their lives. Until Montags' encounter with Clarisse, he has never questioned anything, not his life, and not his job. However, he can't help it after Clarisse asks him questions such as what the meaning of life is and why. The free actions and thoughts of Clarisse also mystify Montag, such as when she stands in the rain, catching it in her mouth. This simple action on Clarisses' part shatters any illusions Montag has about the pleasures of life. The second encounter which shatters Montag's disillusions and makes him start thinking is with an old woman whose house has been reported as containing works of literature. The firemen move through the house, spraying everything with kerosene, until they find the old woman, who appears to be crazy. Frightened, they quickly retreat outside, watching the house for any movement. The old woman then steps out onto the porch and is given a choice by Beatty, the chief: either step out of the house or be burned with her books. The old woman, as a response, strikes a match and throws it into the house, causing the house to burst into flame, instantly killing her. Because of these two encounters, Montag's life is forever changed. He goes on the run, killing Beatty, burning down his own house, and planting books in the house of a fellow firefighter and calling in an alarm so his house will be burned. After making his escape by floating down a river, Montag joins a band of rebels who are planning to gradually reintroduce society to literature. In CS Lewis' novel Out of the Silent Planet, a Doctor by the name of Ransom is abducted by two scientists and taken on a great journey to a planet far away from Earth. After arriving on this planet and helping his captor's to set up their camp, Ransom makes his attempt at escape, running from the captors and their allies, who are native to the planet. After running as long as he can, collapsing to sleep, and walking slowly on again, Ransom collapses once again near a body of water, from which a mysterious creature emerges a short time later, frightening Ransom. "Then he saw eyes and mouth-a puffing mouth bearded with bubbles."(pg54) However, Ransom soon realizes the creature means no harm, and is trying earnestly to communicate with him through hand signals and the native language. "The creature ... opened it's mouth and began to make noises. "(pg 550After making small steps in understanding the language of the natives, Ransom is taken by the strange creature( called a hrossa) to a b oat, in which they go on a long journey to the community of Ransoms alien host( named Hyoi). Hyoi and Ransom then go on a hunting expedition for the tribe of Hyoi. While on this

Teachers Job Description †Psychology Essay

Teachers Job Description – Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers Teachers Job Description Psychology Essay The job description is a detailed duty statement about what activities, chores, duties a person will have while they are at the job. This duty statement is about an early childhood teacher. The job description gives a lot of detail about what is expected from a person who is early childhood trained when they join the job. The statement clearly sets out a few points under administration. The teacher has to take on the role of the authorized supervisor when required and also has to take care of any administration duties for a particular room or even the centre. They also have top assist and advice with requirements of equipment that is needed for a room or centre and make sure that each child is formally signed in and out of centre. Although this description tells a lot about what administration skills are required, it does not have as much detail as it could. It does say carry out administrative duties but there is no example of it that would make it clearer. Although you do not need any formal training for administration duties, it is better to know what is expected of you before you start a job. The description also has details about the centers policy and what they believe in. Although there is not a set section for management and leadership like there was for administration, there are statements that could be classified as management such as ‘effectively solve day to day problems and deal with unexpected occurrences according to centre philosophy, policies and procedures. Ebbeck and Waniganyake(2003, p.17) point out that ‘ currently there is no agreed definition of leadership in the early childhood field†¦.’.An example of leadership could be – ‘the teacher works as a member of a team and provides leadership in designing and implementing a high quality program†¦.’. Leadership is the long term objectives that is based on a idea or a vision of what you want the future to be like. It is argued by Rodd (third edition, p.41) that ‘female approach to leadership is argued to be more appropriate and successful in today’s world generally and early childhood specifically’. So when they say that early childhood is a female dominated field, then generally it will be better led as females are supportive, collaborative, sympathetic, caring. As leadership is difficult to identify, Rodd has come up with a typology which is a ‘framework for classifying selected factors or features’. The typology has personal characteristics, professional skills and r oles/responsibilities. Administration is the day to day housekeeping tasks, management is taking care of the present and the future and leadership is based on a vision towards the future. When it comes to these three concepts, it might be confusing as to which is what because they might overlap and people might not think of themselves as managers or leaders. People from different cultures might also get confused as these concepts might not mean the same in their culture. The job description has a lot of sub headings and provides some details under each, but they could be more expanded. For example – ‘make good professional practice†¦.’, but what is a professional? A definition of a professional could have major differences depending on people’s cultures, values and beliefs. This is supported by Hargreaves and Ivor Goodson(1996,p.4) ‘what it means to be a professional, to show professionalism or to pursue professionalisation is not universally ag reed or understood’. At the end of the job description, the employee has to sign and date the form. When it comes to administration, staff input should always be asked for as these decisions might effect them directly. The duty statement might be better understood if a director or another person responsible for the centre explains it to the new employee. That way they can explain any question or queries and can make it clearer so that they understand what administration, management and leadership qualities they need for the job. When it comes to these concepts and dealing with them in early childhood settings, it is better to consult staff that are involved in every case and every time. That way they staff will feel involved and can even give hints or ideas that one person might not have been able to think of by themselves. A team is better at coming up with ideas than a single person. So consultation is very important! Research Papers on Teacher's Job Description - Psychology EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Project Managment Office SystemThree Concepts of PsychodynamicOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized TestingBringing Democracy to AfricaResearch Process Part OneMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Creation by a Divine Craftsmen OR Creation From Nothing

Creation by a Divine Craftsmen OR Creation From Nothing Free Online Research Papers Is creation by a divine craftsman the same as creation by decree or creation from nothing? How, if at all, do they differ? How did evil arise? These are question I will be answering in this essay. While creation from divine craftsman and creation from nothing both use a preexisting divine creator they are actually very different accounts of cosmogony. As for how evil arose some religions deal with this matter when they discuss the creation of the world and humanity, others do not but they each have unique theories. Creation by divine craftsman is a theory of cosmogony where a preexisting creator has, like a craftsmen, shaped or molded the world into existence. The material by which he creates the world is also preexisting and there is no account from which either originally has come. The creator uses the skill of craftsmanship and logic to create the preexisting material in to our world, because he is molding or shaping this preexisting material it is shown that there is a certain degree of resistance from the material to be changed into this world. Although creation from nothing also starts with a preexisting divine creator it is very different and I will now look at those differences. Creation by decree, or creation from nothing is a theory of creation where a divine creator simply speaks or wills the world into creation from no preexisting material. Like creation from a divine craftsmen there is no account of where or how this divine creator comes from and the creation is a deliberate and willed action. But unlike creation by divine craftsmen there is no preexisting material and the world is not created from being molded it is simply just spoken or willed from nothing. The creator is complete separate from his creation. One example of creation from nothing is the accounts of creation in the Bible’s Genesis. Which also leads into a theory of how evil was brought about to this world. The Jewish and Christian view of cosmogony is told in the Bible in Genesis. As holds true with the theory of a creation by nothing the world was created deliberately by a divine God’s will. The world which he created was said to be â€Å"good† but in a much broader sense, meaning it was divine, justice and righteous. There was no triadic flaw or any form of evil. When humankind was created they were put in high status above all of creation and given the gift of free will. However they choice to miss use this gift in rebellion and alienation of their divine creator. Through this choice evil is brought into the world. Evil continuous to endure and escalate, which therefore causes perversion to God’s righteous world and in turn suffering. Another theory about the origin of evil is seen in Buddhism. Buddhism teaches that there is no real start to evil, that it has always been. The theory of karma shows that evil is just a result of past actions. One’s present situation is nothing more than a result of his past action and therefore evil comes from bad action and blessings come from good action, it is a never ending cycle. In closing, while creation by divine craftsmanship and creation from nothing might have some similarities they are really very different theories. The start of evil is different with each religion and while it can be associated with the start of the world that is not always the case. Research Papers on Creation by a Divine Craftsmen OR Creation From NothingHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionWhere Wild and West MeetPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Project Managment Office SystemQuebec and Canada

Atomic Bombs and How They Work

Atomic Bombs and How They Work There are two types of atomic explosions that can be facilitated by Uranium-235: fission and fusion. Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into fragments (usually two fragments of comparable mass) all the while emitting 100 million to several hundred million volts of energy. This energy is expelled explosively and violently in the atomic bomb. A fusion reaction, on the other hand, is usually started with a fission reaction. But unlike the fission (atomic) bomb, the fusion (hydrogen) bomb derives its power from the fusing of nuclei of various hydrogen isotopes into helium nuclei. Atomic Bombs This article discusses the A-bomb or atomic bomb. The massive power behind the reaction in an atomic bomb arises from the forces that hold the atom together. These forces are akin to, but not quite the same as, magnetism. About Atoms Atoms are comprised of various numbers and combinations of the three sub-atomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons cluster together to form the nucleus (central mass) of the atom while the electrons orbit the nucleus, much like planets around a sun. It is the balance and arrangement of these particles that determine the stability of the atom. Splitability Most elements have very stable atoms which are impossible to split except by bombardment in particle accelerators. For all practical purposes, the only natural element whose atoms can be split easily is uranium, a heavy metal with the largest atom of all natural elements and an unusually high neutron-to-proton ratio. This higher ratio does not enhance its splitability, but it does have an important bearing on its ability to facilitate an explosion, making uranium-235 an exceptional candidate for nuclear fission. Uranium Isotopes There are two naturally-occurring isotopes of uranium. Natural uranium consists mostly of isotope U-238, with 92 protons and 146 neutrons (92146238) contained in each atom. Mixed with this is a 0.6% accumulation of U-235, with only 143 neutrons per atom. The atoms of this lighter isotope can be split, thus it is fissionable and useful in making atomic bombs. Neutron-heavy U-238 has a role to play in the atomic bomb as well since its neutron-heavy atoms can deflect stray neutrons, preventing an accidental chain reaction in a uranium bomb and keeping neutrons contained in a plutonium bomb. U-238 can also be saturated to produce plutonium (Pu-239), a man-made radioactive element also used in atomic bombs. Both isotopes of uranium are naturally radioactive; their bulky atoms disintegrating over time. Given enough time (hundreds of thousands of years), uranium will eventually lose so many particles that it will turn into lead. This process of decay can be greatly accelerated in what is known as a chain reaction. Instead of disintegrating naturally and slowly, the atoms are forcibly split by bombardment with neutrons. Chain Reactions A blow from a single neutron is enough to split the less-stable U-235 atom, creating atoms of smaller elements (often barium and krypton) and releasing heat and gamma radiation (the most powerful and lethal form of radioactivity). This chain reaction occurs when spare neutrons from this atom fly out with sufficient force to split other U-235 atoms that they come in contact with. In theory, it is necessary to split only one U-235 atom, which will release neutrons that will split other atoms, which will release neutrons ... and so on. This progression is not arithmetic; it is geometric and takes place within a millionth of a second. The minimum amount to start a chain reaction as described above is known as supercritical mass. For pure U-235, it is 110 pounds (50 kilograms). No uranium is ever quite pure, however, so in reality more will be needed, such as U-235, U-238, and Plutonium. About Plutonium Uranium is not the only material used for making atomic bombs. Another material is the Pu-239 isotope of the man-made element plutonium. Plutonium is only found naturally in minute traces, so useable amounts must be produced from uranium. In a nuclear reactor, uraniums heavier U-238 isotope can be forced to acquire extra particles, eventually becoming plutonium. Plutonium will not start a fast chain reaction by itself, but this problem is overcome by having a neutron source or highly radioactive material that gives off neutrons faster than the plutonium itself. In certain types of bombs, a mixture of the elements Beryllium and Polonium is used to bring about this reaction. Only a small piece is needed (supercritical mass is about 32 pounds, though as little as 22 can be used). The material is not fissionable in and of itself but merely acts as a catalyst to the greater reaction.